It focuses on generating cutting-edge knowledge in the molecular and nanoscale understanding of polymer reactions, systems and materials - phenomena that are essential for addressing societal challenges both now and in the future. The synthesis of new, well-defined polymers with diverse functionalities creates opportunities for the ICTP’s three priority research lines. Advanced synthesis techniques such as ATRP, click polymerizations, PET-RAFT, and PISA have emerged as powerful methods for developing these polymers. A deeper understanding of surfaces and interfaces, as well as the ability to modify them, enables control over interfacial and surface behaviour. The ability to control surface topography and chemical properties through chemical modification, and top-down or bottom-up topography tailoring produces new surface characteristics. Moreover, understanding and controlling polymer-polymer or polymer-non-polymer interfaces is key to achieving well-defined interfacial transport properties. Research into complex polymer materials with controlled structures and morphologies is also crucial. This includes exploring the relationships between chemistry and function, establishing precise structure-property relationships, gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms. Advanced structural and morphological characterizations using techniques like modelling, and surface/interphase analysis further enhance understanding. Fundamental research also addresses polymer sustainability challenges, such as developing anticorrosion or self-cleaning surfaces, polymers that can depolymerize back into monomers, and covalent adaptable networks with dynamic crosslinks that can be triggered by specific stimuli like heat, light, or pH. Digital technologies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, will play a pivotal role in accelerating the discovery of new polymer materials. Materials modelling, a crucial support tool for fundamental research in European materials institutes, is of particular interest. The ICTP places a high value on fundamental research, as it fosters synergies between research groups, and improves research coherence. As outlined in the accompanying Excellence Plan, the ICTP will implement specific actions to promote these efforts.